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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
Protein kinase (AMPK); (f) inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK); (g) inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1A); (h) inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class F protein (PIGF); and (i) improvement of insulin sensitivity or activation of ketogenesis using drugs like metformin, pioglitazone, or SGLT-2 inhibitors [56].Finally, recent research has targeted the following pathophysiological mechanisms: (a) fatty acid oxidation using ranolazine and trimetazidine; (b) glycolysis using dichloroacetate; (c) modulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways using bardoxolone methyl; (d) metabolic syndrome and AMPK signaling using metformin; (e) modulation of cytokine pathways using anakinra and tocilizumab; (f) inflammation using ubenimex; (g) modulation of estrogen pathways using anastrozole and fulvestrant; and (h) improvement in oxygenation using acetazolamide [54].Though there has been incredible progress over the last two or three decades in the treatment of PH, researchers hope that the therapies outlined above will help to move the field toward truly effective and targeted therapies capable of reversing the underlying pathology in disease sufferers, dramatically increasing quality of life and overall mortality rates [54, 55, 56]. Advertisement8. ConclusionRecent research suggests that PH is more commonplace and widespread than traditionally advertised, particularly in developing countries. It also has far-reaching economic, societal, personal, and psychosocial impacts, particularly in underserved minority populations. Though current therapies tend to focus on the use of ERAs, PDE-5 inhibitors, CCBs, prostanoids, and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, recent clinical investigations have focused on underlying signaling pathways and pathophysiological mechanisms, with the promise of significantly improved outcomes and, perhaps, a cure 1 day. The diagnosis and treatment of PH have undergone substantial changes in recent decades, and it will continue to evolve even more significantly in the coming years. References 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pulmonary hypertension. 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/pulmonary_hypertension.htm. [Accessed: November 30, 2023]2. Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM, et al.
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